Service canadien du renseignement de sécurité (SCRS)

1. l'extrémisme religieux (la menace la plus sérieuse provient actuellement des extrémistes islamiques);
2. le terrorisme parrainé par l'État (le régime iranien en est l'exemple parfait);
3. la violence sécessionniste (l'extrémisme sikh et les mouvements séparatistes au Sri Lanka, en Turquie et ailleurs, par exemple);
4. l'extrémisme intérieur (comprend, entre autres, certains éléments des défenseurs des droits des animaux, les antimondialistes et les tenants de la suprématie de la race blanche).

Activités terroristes

SCHMID, JONGMAN ET AL (1988: 40)

Principles of distinction :

1. actor-based
2. victim-based
3. cause-based
4. environment-based
5. means-based
6. political-orientation-based
7. motivation-based
8. demand-based
9. purpose-based
10. target-based

YEHEZKEL DROR (in Schmid, Jongman et al., 1988: 43)

International terrorism:

1. imported terrorism ("by and on behalf of aliens");
2. transient terrorism ("by aliens and against aliens");
3. extraterritorial terrorism ("against external representatives, properties, and symbols of the democracy")

WILLIAM L. WAUGH, JR. (in Schmid, Jongman et al., 1988: 43)

3 types of international terrorism:

1. spillover terrorism ("the use of violence by foreign nationals against foreign individuals or property")
2. integrated internal terrorism ("The distinguishing characteristic ... is the difference in the nationalities of the terrorists and the victims, one group being indigenous to the host state")
3. external terrorism ("The distinguishing characteristic ... is that the terrorists are located or the act is committed outside of the territory of the target government, i.e., in the jurisdiction of another government").
   

DAVID CLARIDGE (1996: 52-53)

Model of a state terrorism

1. it is systematic
2. it is actually or potentially violent
3. it is political
4. it is committed by agents of the state, or by proxies who operate with the resources of the state
5. it is intended to generate fear
6. it is intended to communicate a message to a wider group than the immediate victim(s)
7. the victim(s) will not be armed and organised for aggression at the time of the incident

MICKOLUS, SANDLER AND MURDOCK (1989 : xvii)

Types of Terrorist Incidents :

1. Kidnapping
2. Barricade and hostage seizure
3. Occupation of facilities without hostage seizure
4. Letter or parcel bombing
5. Incendiary bombing, arson, Molotov cocktail
6. Explosive bombing (dynamite or plastic)
7. Armed attack employing missiles
8. Armed attack - other, including mortars, bazookas
9. Aerial hijacking (skyjacking)
10. Takeover of nonaerial means of transportation (e.g., a ship or bus)
11. Assassination, murder
12. Sabotage not involving explosives or arson
13. Exotic pollution, including chemical and biological agents
14. Nuclear-related weapons attack
15. Threat with no subsequent terrorist action
16. Theft, break0in of facilities
17. Conspiracy to commit terrorist action
18. Hoax
19. Other actions
20. Sniping at building, other facilities
21. Shoot-out with police
22. Arms smuggling
23. Car bombing
24. Suicide car bombing

ANTHONY KELLET ET AL (1991: 31-38)

MATTHEW J. LITTLETON (1995)

Terrorism Typology

Preventive/Response Measures

STÉPHANE LEMAN-LANGLOIS (2004)

Typologie des actes terroristes à caractère religieux:

1. Terroristes à objectifs spécifiques définis par leur religion : Le terroriste à objectif spécifique est engagé dans un combat violent contre une pratique ou une politique qu'il juge contraire à un quelconque principe moral défini par sa religion.
2. Terroristes à objectifs colorés par la religion ou à identité religieuse : Nuance par rapport à la première catégorie, le terroriste à saveur religieuse vise des buts politico-sociaux inscrits dans un discours où la religion joue un rôle catalyseur, ou comme facteur d'identification des groupes (appartenance, opposition, tiers).
3. Terroristes imposant leur religion : En simplifiant légèrement ces terroristes sont engagés dans des activités de contrôle social, généralement au niveau local. Leurs actions visent à forcer les individus qu'ils identifient comme appartenant à leur groupe religieux à respecter les dogmes, pratiques, rituels, etc. tels que compris par le terroriste.
4. Terroristes religieux eschatologiques : Le terroriste religieux eschatologique poursuit des objectifs tellement lointains et démesurés qu'il sait à l'avance que ses chances de réussite sont faibles sinon nulles. C'est un combat de la vertu seule. Mourir en essayant est donc aussi valable que de réussir.

Stéphane Leman-Langlois et Jean-Paul Brodeur (2004)

Terrorist fundamental rationales 

*Likelihood of success or sensibleness of expectations and desires notwithstanding
**Internal moral justification; does not imply - or exclude - universal legitimacy

CLASSIFICATIONS SELON SCHMID ET JONGMAN

BRIAN CROZIER (in Schmid, Jongman et al., 1988: 45)
1. ethnic, religious, or nationalist groups
2. Marxist-Leninist groups
3. anarchist groups
4. pathological groups or individuals
5. neofascist groups or individuals
6. ideological mercenaries

G. DAVIDSON SMITH (in Schmid, Jongman et al., 1988: 45)
1. nationalist-separatist-irredentist (includes ethnic basis)
2. issues
3. ideological
4. exile
5. state and state-sponsored
6. religious

RICHARD SHULTZ (in Schmid, Jongman et al., 1988: 47)
1. Revolutionary Terrorism
2. Sub-Revolutionary Terrorism
3. Establishment Terrorism

SCHMID AND DE GRAAF (in Schmid, Jongman et al., 1988: 48)
A basic typology of terrorism:
1. Political
1.1) Insurgent Terrorism
1.1.a) Social-Revolutionary Terrorism (left-wing, right-wing)
1.1.b) Separatist Terrorism (secessionist, ethnical, national, irredentist)
1.1.c) Single-Issue Terrorism
1.2) Vigilante Terrorism
1.3) State Terrorism
2. Criminal Terrorism
3. Idiosyncratic Terrorism (includes psychotic)

Typology of the proximate objectives of terrorism:

1. morale-building (within the terrorist movement itself as well as in that element of the population that is already sympathetic to the insurgents)
2. advertising (not only calls attention to the existence of the insurgents but also serves as a reminder of their program and ideals ... The advertising function differs from morale-building in that it is directed towards a mass audience)
3. disorientation (the objective par excellance of the terrorist, removing the underpinnings of the order in which his targets live out their daily lives)
4. elimination of opposing forces (either physically or by neutralizing their effectiveness. In one sense, this is a byproduct of terror, for the aim in itself is not symbolic, it could be accomplished by murder) ... From elimination of a harmful individual, not only will general disorientation be promoted, but a more specific fear will be instilled into the group to which the victims belongs
5. provocation of countermeasures by the incumbents (in combating an elusive terrorist, the incumbents will be forced to take measures that affect not only the terrorist but also his environment, the society as a whole. Although this result may be incidental to the aims of some terrorists, terroristic acts often are committed with the express purpose of provoking reprisals).

J. BOWYER BELL (in Schmid, Jongman et al., 1988: 50-51)

Six types of revolutionary terror:

1. Organizational terror: every revolutionary organization, perhaps without exception, must face the problem of maintaining internal discipline, inhibiting penetration, and punishing errant members. ... To be most effective, punishment must be swift, harsh, and visible. It is therefore often highly formalized, with a trial, defense, sentence, and execution (IRA).
2. Allegiance terror ... is a less restrained variant of organizational terror ... in order to create mass support (Algerian FLN).
3. Functional terror ... is employed when in the course of an armed struggle it is necessary to gain strategic advantage through specific action (Bloody Sunday).
4. Manipulative terror ... concentrates on exploiting the deed and escalating its impact ... (Palestine).
5. Manipulative terror ... [is employed] to create a bargaining situation, in which the terrorists threaten to destroy seized assets or hostages unless they are granted certain demands.
6. Symbolic terror ... must go beyond the organizational and functional and must select as a victim a figure who represents the epitome of the enemy. Yet the deed must be more than simple vengeance (ETA's murder of Carrero Blanco).

MARTHA CRENSHAW (in Schmid, Jongman et al., 1988: 52)

Typology of Acts of Terrorism

PHILIP A. KARBER (in Schmid, Jongman et al., 1988: 53)

 A Functional Typology of Terrorism 

IRVING GOLDABER (in Schmid, Jongman et al., 1988: 54)

Typology of Hostage-Takers

Multidimensional Typology